Zbigniew Bogucki wrote that partitions, occupation, and communism did not manage to break Polishness or the spirit of the Church. He quoted President Karol Nawrocki from a meeting with the American Polonia in New York. Nawrocki said that the Catholic Church upheld Polish identity during the partitions, occupation, and after 1945, when — as he described it — Poland was a Soviet colony. He also mentioned the 1980s when some non-practicing Poles associated their aspiration for freedom and sovereignty with the Church. #Polska #Kościół #tożsamość (translated)