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The author accused General Michael Flynn of lending international prestige to Milorad Dodik and helping normalise a separatist political project that, the author said, threatened Bosnia and Herzegovina’s stability. The author also said Flynn’s association with Dodik and the Gold Institute was not harmless networking. https://t.co/kibObR4WJW #Bosnia #PoliticalIntegrity #InternationalRelations #BA

The seventh edition of the Barcelona New Economy Week (BNEW) has concluded with more than 12,000 participants and has generated 11,753 networking contacts, consolidating itself as an important event to address the challenges of the new economy. #BNEW2026 #NuevaEconomía #Innovación (translated)

Here is the translation of the tweet: "My Bugatti Tourbillon Coupe will be produced at the end of 2028. But I will be flying to France in October/November this year to the Bugatti headquarters to configure the car live, so I will definitely make some coverage of that. Buying a Bugatti directly from the first hand comes with a number of benefits. The first of them is that we do not lose money on the car, and often it is an investment where in the secondary market we can resell it after 1.5 years for often even 1 million euros more. Another thing is the annual Christmas party at the Chateau in Molsheim at the Bugatti headquarters where you get to know other owners and the CEO and do networking. There is also an annual gathering of Bugatti owners and a week of driving in, for example, South Africa, together with other owners. So not only is the car an investment, but also through networking with other UHNWI it is an opportunity for new businesses and contacts." #Bugatti #luxurycars #networking (translated)

But that hardly appears to be the limit to how far optics could increase the world's computing power. Optical systems could replace electrical networking switches, the backbone of matrix multiplication for AI models, and someday perhaps even electrical computation itself. https://t.co/drLaOYV8wa #Optics #ComputingPower #AI #Nospecificcountrycodesarementionedinthetweet.

Russia’s fake African newsrooms – propaganda designed to look local A Facebook user in Nairobi, Accra, Johannesburg or Luanda encounters what appears to be a local news page. It publishes stories about African politics, Western influence and relations with Russia. The language is tailored to an African audience and the page presents itself not as a foreign broadcaster, but as part of the local information landscape. Behind some of these outlets, however, Meta found operators based in Russia. In its 2026 threat research, the company disclosed a Coordinated Inauthentic Behaviour network targeting audiences in Angola, Ghana, Kenya and South Africa. Meta removed 37 Facebook accounts and 29 Pages connected to the operation. Around 30,000 users followed at least one of the Pages, while the operators spent approximately $7,000 on Facebook and Instagram advertising, mostly in euros and US dollars. The numbers are relatively modest. The method is considerably more important. Rather than openly distributing Russian state messaging, the network posed as local African news sources and grassroots organisations, promoting narratives about Western colonialism and political interference while presenting Russia as a credible economic and political alternative. It was an old geopolitical message delivered through a much more effective identity: not Moscow speaking to Africa, but Africans apparently speaking to one another. A news outlet that was actually an influence operation Meta's investigation found that the network attempted to conceal its Russian origin while creating media brands that appeared indigenous to the countries they targeted. Its content amplified historical grievances against former colonial powers, criticised Western involvement in Africa and promoted closer relations with Russia. One example helps illustrate how the infrastructure was assembled. A Facebook Page targeting Kenya was called Kenya Watchtower. According to OpenAI's subsequent investigation, Facebook transparency records showed that the Page had previously been named “Farmtown5”. It appears to have been acquired or repurposed rather than built from scratch as a Kenyan news organisation. Some Pages also exposed administrator locations in Russia and Ukraine. Other elements of the network had previously targeted audiences in Zambia and Namibia. This use of apparently local identities is particularly important in the African information environment. A story published by RT or another identifiable Russian outlet arrives with an obvious geopolitical provenance. The same narrative presented by something resembling an independent Kenyan, Ghanaian or South African newsroom carries a different kind of credibility. The source appears closer to the reader, and the geopolitical interest behind the message becomes less visible. Then investigators found Dr Manuel Godsin The Facebook operation was only one part of a broader information ecosystem. OpenAI investigated related activity after receiving information from Meta and subsequently banned a ChatGPT account it assessed as likely originating in Russia. OpenAI called the campaign Operation No Bell. The account was being used to generate long-form articles and social-media posts about African geopolitics. Prompts were primarily written in English, but OpenAI also observed Russian-language instructions that the user described as coming from a manager. The operator sometimes explicitly asked the model to make the material appear less AI-generated – including requests to avoid stylistic features associated with machine-generated text and to write more like a human journalist. Many articles appeared under the name “Dr Manuel Godsin”, presented as an academic with a PhD from the University of Bergen and an affiliation with an organisation called the International Centre for Political and Strategic Studies. OpenAI could find no credible evidence that Godsin existed. Searches of Norway's National Research Information Repository and the University of Bergen library produced no record of him. Investigators subsequently discovered that a photograph used to represent Godsin had appeared years earlier on a Russian professional networking site and apparently belonged to a law student in St Petersburg. The fabricated academic identity was nevertheless remarkably productive. OpenAI identified 53 online articles carrying the Godsin byline. The fiction had moved beyond fake social-media pages and into the real media ecosystem. When propaganda enters genuine newsrooms This is the most consequential aspect of the operation. The articles were not confined to websites controlled by the influence network. Some were published by genuine African news organisations, including established South African outlets. The content mixed local political issues with broader geopolitical narratives. Some pieces criticised the United States and Britain or defended Russia's role in Africa. One accused the British NGO Crisis Action of fomenting protests in South Africa. Another praised Russia's presence in the Central African Republic. Other material addressed Kenya, Angola and relations between African governments and Washington. The mechanism represents a significant evolution from the classic troll-farm model. Instead of building an audience entirely on its own platforms, an influence operator can manufacture an apparently credible expert, generate articles in his name and persuade genuine news organisations to publish them. Once this happens, the propaganda acquires something a fake Facebook Page cannot provide: the institutional credibility of a real newsroom. OpenAI assessed No Bell's social-media impact as limited. One Facebook Page had around 3,000 followers before Meta removed it, while several others had very small audiences. But the operation was more successful in placing material in established media. In OpenAI's impact framework, it approached the level at which an influence operation breaks into mainstream media. For information operators, a single article published by a recognised outlet can potentially be more valuable than thousands of impressions generated by an obviously artificial account. A much larger network of ghost journalists Subsequent research suggests that Manuel Godsin was not an isolated experiment. In August 2026, Graphika, working with Code for Africa and with support from Meta, published a much broader investigation into Russian ghostwriting operations across African media. Researchers identified 44 ghost writers and fake experts, 38 of them assessed as high-confidence fabricated personas, operating between 2021 and 2026. Their material appeared or was quoted across 138 websites and was subsequently republished through at least 113 Facebook accounts and Pages, including authentic users, coordinated inauthentic networks and official Russian communication channels. The narratives were strikingly consistent. They included criticism of France, Ukraine and the United States; attacks on organisations such as ECOWAS and the International Criminal Court; positive portrayals of Russian involvement in Africa; praise for Russian paramilitary forces; and support for sovereignty-oriented political projects such as the Alliance of Sahel States. The operation therefore extends beyond creating fake news websites. It attempts to insert Russian-aligned narratives into the legitimate African media ecosystem using identities that appear African, independent or academically authoritative. This also explains why measuring reach through the original Facebook network alone is misleading. A fabricated article may begin with an influence operator, appear in a genuine African publication, be republished elsewhere and eventually circulate without any visible connection to Russia. At that point, the provenance of the narrative has effectively been laundered. An old Russian strategy with increasingly local faces Russia's use of local intermediaries in Africa is not new. Meta documented Russian networks using African nationals as early as 2019. In 2020 it dismantled another operation involving people in Ghana and Nigeria working on behalf of individuals in Russia, with links to previous activity associated with the Internet Research Agency. More recent Meta investigations suggest that this model has continued to evolve. Networks have increasingly relied on local freelancers, social-media managers and authentic media outlets rather than exclusively operating armies of obviously fake Russian-controlled accounts. This decentralisation offers several advantages. Local operators understand language, political sensitivities and cultural references. Authentic accounts are harder to identify than newly created synthetic personas. Local media brands can also deliver narratives without immediately triggering the scepticism associated with Russian state outlets. There is no evidence that every African journalist, freelancer or publication carrying such material knowingly participates in Russian influence activity. Meta explicitly notes in its investigations that some local contractors may not know who ultimately commissioned their work. That distinction is essential. The operation's effectiveness partly depends on precisely this ambiguity between deliberate participation, commercial content placement and unwitting amplification. The objective is to make Russian narratives look African The significance of this network is therefore not its 30,000 Facebook followers or its $7,000 advertising budget. Those figures are small compared with the audiences of major African media organisations. What matters is the distribution model. Traditional foreign propaganda asks an audience to trust a foreign source. These operations attempt to remove the foreign source from the equation altogether. A Russian geopolitical narrative can be generated with AI, attributed to an expert who does not exist, published by a media organisation that does, amplified through a Facebook Page presenting itself as local, and then rediscovered elsewhere as apparently independent African analysis. By the time the reader encounters it, Moscow may have disappeared completely from the chain of attribution. The resulting information operation is therefore less about making Russian propaganda more persuasive than about making it look as though it is no longer Russian propaganda at all. In an increasingly fragmented African media environment, that may be the more important evolution to watch. SOURCES: Meta Threat Research https://threatresearch-team.github.io/indicators/meta-h1-2026-russia-based-cib-network-1/ OpenAI — Operation “No Bell” https://openai.com/index/disrupting-malicious-uses-of-ai-no-bell/ Graphika — Umbrae Ex Machina https://www.graphika.com/reports/umbrae-ex-machina News24 https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/ai-expert-exposed-fake-kremlin-linked-analyst-planted-stories-in-african-media-20260318-0560 Vanguard https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/03/ai-expert-exposed-fake-kremlin-linked-analyst-planted-stories-in-african-media/ Meta — Russian Coordinated Inauthentic Behaviour, 2019 https://about.fb.com/news/2019/10/removing-more-coordinated-inauthentic-behavior-from-russia/ Meta — Russian Coordinated Inauthentic Behaviour, 2020 https://about.fb.com/news/2020/03/removing-coordinated-inauthentic-behavior-from-russia/ Meta Threat Research — Russian Use of Authentic Operators in Sub-Saharan Africa https://threatresearch-team.github.io/indicators/meta-h2-2025-russia-based-cib-network-2/ KEYWORDS: #DISINFORMED #Episode7 #Russia #Africa #RussianDisinformation #RussianInfluence #Disinformation #InformationWarfare #InfluenceOperations #ForeignInterference #FIMI #CoordinatedInauthenticBehaviour #CIB #FakeNews #FakeMedia #FakeNewsrooms #MediaImpersonation #GrassrootsManipulation #Astroturfing #ArtificialIntelligence #AI #AIPropaganda #SyntheticMedia #FakeInfluencers #SocialMediaManipulation #Facebook #Meta #OperationNoBell #AfricanMedia #MediaManipulation #Propaganda #DigitalInfluence #Angola #Ghana #Kenya #SouthAfrica #OSINT #WRLD

❗️ Fundacja Centrum Strategii Rozwojowych oferująca spotkanie z Nawrockim za 100.000 USD działa od dwóch lat. Zorganizowało dwie duże imprezy - w czerwcu w Warszawie i teraz w Nowym Jorku, gdzie. Największą atrakcją był w Karol Nawrocki. Co ciekawe prezes zarządu został powołany przez Nawrockiego w skład rady młodzieży a głównym promotorem jest … 👇 #StrategiaRozwoju #Networking #Imprezy

a turma que passa o dia vendendo deus, pátria e família terminava a noite no madame satã, virando conhaque de milhares de dólares e cercados de, nas palavras de vorcaro, “novinhas”. essa é a direita brasileira: fiscal de cu durante o dia, sodoma e gomorra com networking à noite #direitabrasileira #politica #cultura

What was the first Social Network in History? In Italy: Dada or InterNetWork City? SOURCE: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-first-social-network-history-italy-dada-city-sardella-ph-d--ngw2f/ When discussing technological primacy, historical precision is fundamental. Particularly when too many narratives from the web risk generating confusion. Contenuto dell’articolo Abstract This article critically analyses contemporary narratives on the origin of social networks, distinguishing between journalistic reconstructions and academic historiography. It clarifies that platforms such as Internetwork City and Dada/SuperEva, whilst innovative, cannot be defined as "first Italian social networks" according to criteria recognised by international research. The text reconstructs the genealogy of social media from early digital communities (Usenet, BBS) through to modern social networks, highlighting the anticipatory role of systems such as Plato. Finally, it demonstrates how certain Italian publications have attributed primacy unsupported by historical sources, underlining the necessity for a rigorous and documented approach. Keywords: digital historiography, Italian proto-social platforms, Internetwork City, Dada/SuperEva, origins of social networks In recent years, various narratives have circulated regarding the origin of social networks, some of which attribute primacy to projects that, while innovative, do not correspond to the effectively documented chronology. To reconstruct with precision the history of global social networks, it is necessary to begin with academic sources and verifiable testimonies, excluding retrospective reconstructions devoid of historical corroboration. But first and foremost, let us provide an encyclopaedic British definition: social media constitute a form of communication on online platforms through which users share information, ideas, personal messages and other textual and audio-visual content. This should not be confused with social networking, that is to say, the modalities by which Internet users construct virtual communities amongst themselves by sharing their textual and audio-visual content; social media, conversely, concerns web-based platforms that enable one to build a friendly, familial and professional audience. The earliest forms of social media appeared almost as soon as technology could support them: electronic mail and chat programmes débuted in the early 1970s, but the first virtual communities did not emerge. They did not emerge until the creation of the Usenet discussion group network in 1979: these permitted users to post and receive messages within thematic areas called newsgroups. Usenet and other discussion forums, such as privately hosted Bulletin Board Systems (BBS), allowed individuals to interact, but each was essentially a closed system. With the release in 1993 of the Mosaic web browser, those systems were provided with an easy-to-use graphical interface. Furthermore, the architecture of the World Wide Web made it possible to navigate from one site to another with a click, and faster Internet connections permitted richer multimedia content than that which could be found in text-heavy newsgroups. The First Modern Global Social Network: SixDegrees.com Contenuto dell’articolo As the prestigious Encyclopaedia Britannica cites, the first globally known companies to create modern social networks based on web technology were Classmates.com and SixDegrees.com. Between these two, in truth, the academic community and historians of digital media concur in identifying SixDegrees.com as the first true modern social network: it was the first to introduce the fundamental characteristics that would define the sector: personal profiles, friends lists and an integrated private messaging system. Indeed, Classmates.com, founded earlier in 1995, employed an aggressive advertising campaign with pop-ups to attract web browsers to its site based upon connections between students from secondary school and/or university classes, branches of the armed forces and places of work. SixDegrees.com was launched after it, in 1997, but with most of the functionalities that would characterise such social networks: members could create profiles for themselves, maintain friends lists and contact one another through the site's private messaging system. After claiming to have attracted more than three million users by the year 2000, it failed to translate those numbers of success into revenue as it subsequently collapsed along with numerous other internet companies when the dot-com bubble burst in the early 2000s. The First Italian Social Network: Which One? Contenuto dell’articolo In recent years, a widespread narrative has emerged on the web according to which the first Italian social network would have been Internetwork City, a project born in May 1995 from the intuition of Claudio Cecchetto with the technical guidance of Perl and Java programmer Marco Camisani Calzolari. Other sources from the websphere (the totality of all globally accessible websites) narrate of the Dada/SuperEva group as the first Italian social network. In the first case, it was certainly, for the era, a story of radio and digital innovation made in Italy: in this interview with Giornalettismo from 29 June 2022 given to Gianmichele Laino (https://www.giornalettismo.com/marco-camisani-calzolari-internetwork-city/), Internetwork City is defined as the "first social network in history made in Italy". Contenuto dell’articolo And reading further, the interviewee, Marco Camisani Calzolari, a contract university lecturer and radio-television communicator on digital themes, states: "In May 1995, in a basement in Via Melzi D'Eril, a truly revolutionary idea was being born. Behind it was the intuition of Claudio Cecchetto and the guidance of Marco Camisani Calzolari: Internetwork City is the first social network in the world, a space within which users managed to interact, in an era when the network was a place where possibilities for interchange were still a futuristic eventuality." And whilst in the pioneering basement of Via Melzi D'Eril in May 1995 Internetwork City was being born, perhaps unbeknownst to its inventors, in January 1995, a full four months earlier, DADA (Design Architettura Digitale Analogico) had already been born, another entirely Italian social network, founded by four young Florentine architects (Paolo Barberis, Alessandro Sordi, Jacopo Marello and Angelo Falchetti), as one reads on the ZeroUnoWeb portal. The four Florentine friends transformed their architecture studio into a company in which Barberis and Sordi drew in the other two entrepreneurs, spending all their savings on the purchase of computers and multimedia equipment. It was not simply a matter of creating yet another web portal but a true digital ecosystem that anticipated many functions of contemporary social networks: profiles, communities, interaction and shared content. This narrative of DADA, however, is "once again refuted" if we read the journalistic article in La Repubblica of 27 May 2021 bearing the signature of journalist Riccardo Luna, entitled "In Milan, Claudio Cecchetto (and Marco Camisani Calzolari) launch a social network," readable by clicking the following link: https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2021/05/27/news/a_milano_claudio_cecchetto_e_marco_camisani_calzolari_lanciano_un_social_network-302961639/ Contenuto dell’articolo The subtitle echoes: "It was the first social network in history and it was born in Italy. And in 1995 the web had practically only just been born," in addition to "In May 1995 the first social network in history was born and it was born in Italy. Perhaps the first. Who knows. But if one considers that Facebook is from 2004, Second Life and MySpace from 2003, one understands perfectly well the enormity of what I have just written. In 1995 the web had practically only just been born." But here, strangely, the discourse is not entirely clear: if in the subtitle one asserts decisively "it was the first social network in history," why does one then read: "Perhaps the first. Who knows." It seems to me a contradiction, quite frankly. But let us leave the arduous decisional task to impartial readers. Therefore, let us proceed with the rest of the article: "In the meantime, in Italy someone constructs a social network. Who? Claudio Cecchetto. Yes, him, the author of Gioca Jouer, the inventor of Radio Deejay and of another way of making radio. He was also a pioneer of the Internet. In May 1995 he launches a social network called Internetwork City, the city of the Internet network. It had been built, one line of code after another, by a young programmer who, thanks to this story, would become a brilliant communicator of digital matters (for some time he has been one of the faces of Striscia la Notizia): Marco Camisani Calzolari. When he thinks back to those times, MCC becomes enthusiastic: 'It was a social network in every respect. A place where one could register, have a profile and speak with others. It was one of the first in the history of the web, and Claudio Cecchetto had invented it. He had conceived it whilst navigating with Videotel, but then the World Wide Web had arrived. At the time I worked as a programmer for a fashion company: I had learnt to do it by downloading the instructions for writing code in Perl and in Java from the BBSs that were on the network'." Contenuto dell’articolo From this it emerges that the idea for the project was supported by the media personality of Claudio Cecchetto and brought to fruition by programmer Marco Camisani Calzolari: the two pioneers of the Italian web have (also in this journalistic article) confirmed how InterNetwork City was, in their opinion, the first social network in the world created precisely in the Belpaese. But will this be objectively and impartially true according to the historical historiography of Internet history? To ascertain this, we must analyse academic historiographical sources: these lead us back to the surprising computational history of a great (and semi-unknown) precursor of social networks present as early as the 1960s and 1970s: Plato. PLATO: The Precursor of All Social Networks in the World Contenuto dell’articolo PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations) represents one of the most fascinating cases of anticipatory technology in the history of computing: developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1960 by Donald L. Bitzer, this system initially had purely didactic purposes, but evolved rapidly, becoming a true digital social ecosystem decades before the advent of the Internet as we know it. It introduced the concept of "Personal Notes" in 1973, a system of forums organised by subject where users could post messages, reply and create structured discussions. This anticipated by over twenty years web forums and Usenet newsgroups in accessible form. The "Talkomatic" system, created in 1973 by Doug Brown, permitted simultaneous conversations between multiple users in separate channels. Each user saw the letters of other participants appear character by character as they were typed, creating an unprecedented immediate communication experience. "Personal Notes" functioned essentially as an internal email system, permitting private communications between system users, with storage and reply capabilities. Users could create "term-talk," personal messages visible to others, sharing thoughts, updates or information: a conceptual precursor of modern social media posts. Plato was not merely technology: it was a true community. Thousands of users, primarily university students, teachers and researchers, connected through dedicated terminals with characteristic plasma screens: To play: it hosted some of the first multiplayer video games in history, such as "Empire" (a precursor of space games), "Moria" (one of the first dungeon crawlers) and "Airfight" (multiplayer aerial combat). To socialise: friendships, romantic relationships and communities formed around shared interests. To collaborate: study groups, research projects and academic discussions flourished on the platform. Despite its innovative capabilities, Plato remained confined principally to the academic environment and to certain business applications for several reasons: Plato terminals were extremely costly and the system required powerful mainframes; and unlike the Internet, it was a closed system, centrally controlled; dedicated terminals or specialised connections were required, not available to the general public; and whilst the Internet developed on open protocols, Plato remained an isolated ecosystem. In conclusion: even though the unknown Community Memory (1973) preceded Plato as a publicly accessible social system but with more limited functionalities, Plato had social functionalities as early as 1973. It was the first true precursor of modern social networks, but in a technological context that was solely academic, not mass-market, owing to prohibitive costs and the extremely rare and extraordinarily slow computer connections of those years. Therefore, all the first prototypes and first social networks born from the 1990s onwards (including the Florentine project Dada/SuperEva and the InterNetwork City of Claudio Cecchetto and Marco Camisani Calzolari) reinvented the same concepts in a technological and economic context that permitted their planetary diffusion shortly before the advent of the new millennium. Now, given that we live in a context of great development of large language models upon which artificial intelligence is based, just out of curiosity, I shall ask Microsoft's chatbot, Copilot (in my opinion, the most reliable to date) what it thinks about the journalistic narrative of Giornalettismo and La Repubblica in favour of InterNetwork City; therefore, this is my question: "Is it correct to assert, impartially, that Internetwork City of Cecchetto and Camisani Calzolari was the 'first social network in history Made in Italy'?" The answer emerges from the following photographs. Contenuto dell’articolo Contenuto dell’articolo I now report word for word the text generated by the large language model (LLM) Copilot: "Here is the most balanced and rigorous answer that can be given today, based on available sources and digital historiography. Is it correct to define it as 'first social network in history Made in Italy'? 🧭 Brief answer No: it is not correct to assert it impartially as an ascertained historical fact. It is, however, correct to say that certain publications and certain protagonists of the era present it as such, while the academic community and international historiography on social networks do not recognise Internetwork City as 'first social network in history'. 🔍 What the sources say The Italian journalistic sources consulted present Internetwork City as: "the first social network in the world" (Giornalettismo) "the first social network in history and it was born in Italy... perhaps the first. Who knows." (La Repubblica) "the first social network" (Giornalettismo) These are, however, journalistic narratives, not historical classifications shared by international research. 🧠 Why it is not possible to assert it as an impartial historical fact To be recognised as 'first social network in history', a project must satisfy criteria shared by the scientific community, for example: technical definition of social network (user profile, network of contacts, persistent interaction, user-generated content, etc.) international academic recognition verifiable technical and historical documentation comparison with previous platforms (e.g. The WELL, 1985; Usenet, 1979; Minitel, 1982; GeoCities, 1994) Internetwork City does not appear in any international academic taxonomy of social networks, nor in reference works on the history of the web. The sources that define it as 'first social network' are interviews, popular articles and narrative reconstructions, not historical studies. 📌 What can be correctly asserted An impartial and accurate formulation could be: Internetwork City (1995), conceived by Claudio Cecchetto and developed by Marco Camisani Calzolari, is one of the first Italian experiments in interactive online community. Certain journalistic publications have described it as 'the first social network in history Made in Italy', but this definition is not recognised by international historiography on social networks. This sentence is balanced, truthful and does not attribute undemonstrable historical certainties." In summary: in the impartial opinion of Microsoft Copilot, the assertion according to which InterNetwork City "was the first social network in history and was born in Italy" is enunciated only as a journalistic narrative but has no corroboration in reality whatsoever, not being in any way supported by international academic historiography of the history of social networks. Now, however, other articles taken from websphere publications assert that the first (and true) Italian social network was, instead, conceived and created by the Dada group and subsequently through SuperEva in January 1995, anticipating by four months the aforementioned Milanese InterNetwork City. But let us read it all directly in the StartUp Italia article bearing the signature of writer Aldo V. Pecora, which I shall report from this link: https://startupitalia.eu/education/scuola/quando-prima-di-facebook-4-italiani-avevano-inventato-un-social-network-la-storia-di-dada-e-di-supereva/#:~:text=Alla%20base%20di%20questa%20visione,il%20valore%20aggiunto%20del%20sito. Contenuto dell’articolo "When Zuckerberg was still at college there were those who, in Italy, had already invented social networks. A story, that of SuperEva and, above all, of those four 'madmen' of Dada, that would truly deserve a film. A story that we today attempt to recount by making a leap backwards of twenty years, whilst those who wrote it, or rather, designed it, had with every evidence made a journey into the future. Dada, the Martians come from the future The 'back to the future' of Paolo Barberis and Alessandro Sordi begins in the early 1990s, as young students at the University of Florence. It is 1992 when they decide to go before the examination board without even a sheet of paper, a drawing, nothing. Only a computer and a multimedia project, one of the first in Italy and perhaps in Europe developed in 3D. 'The board remained closeted for over an hour — recalls Sordi today — and we didn't know whether shortly thereafter they would send us packing.' Instead it was a success and the beginning of an adventure. Barberis and Sordi involve two other friends, Jacopo Marello and Angelo Falchetti, spend all their savings on the purchase of PCs and multimedia equipment and together open an architecture studio: Dada, acronym for Design Architettura Digitale Analogica. How Dada connected Florence to the Internet Year 1995. Things change. Dada becomes a limited company: 20 million initial investment (the computers purchased for the architecture studio). And the project of creating a multimedia city, Florence, becomes that of bringing the city online. Few know it, but it was precisely Dada that connected the Tuscan capital to the Internet. ADSL and so-called broadband connections did not yet exist. What years, those years. Whilst Alessandro Sordi reviews them, on the telephone he betrays a little emotion: 'Commercial internet was beginning, the first nodes in Rome and Milan, but in Tuscany there was nothing. We decided to purchase the cable and brought the first CDN to Florence.' It is the era of providers, or rather, ISPs, and anyone who manages to make a client dialogue with a server can sell dial-up connection services. Sordi and partners involve family and friends. Everyone does everything: Barberis answers the telephone and provides help desk support, the others concern themselves with making professionals and companies understand the potential of the Internet and sell annual subscriptions at 249 thousand lire. The web that found (and changed) Dada These are the years of a single browser, Netscape Navigator. It was conceived by that same Marc Andreessen who today can be called literally papa by people like Zuckerberg and half of Silicon Valley. It is web 0.0, that before Google, where the search engines are Lycos, AltaVista, Yahoo. In Italy for a couple of years a gentleman from Cagliari by the name of Nichi Grauso, founder of Video On Line, has been putting tremendous amounts of money into the Internet, whilst in Milan Marco Negri and Stefano Quintarelli launch I.Net and Joy Marino ITNet. The national telephone company, SIP, is reborn under the acronym Telecom Italia. A monopoly that begins to creak with the launch by Olivetti of Italia Online and, above all, of the first Italian search engine, Arianna, which will soon find itself duelling with Virgilio, the first creation of the Matrix of Paolo Ainio, Carlo Gualandri and Marco Benatti. Dada understood before others in which direction the web would go. 'From there a business model was born — recounts Sordi — because the provider collected network subscription fees in advance and we used that money to finance research on web services, something that was science fiction for those years.' 'One world alone, one network alone' Science fiction that was the fortune of the group of Tuscan architects. After a year turnover rises to 500 million and Barberis's company delineates the future of the web: content and, above all, community. On the Internet there are not only professionals and companies but people, who begin to use it daily and to focus on groups, first in mailing lists and newsgroups, but shortly thereafter also on websites. Dada intuited before others that there is a market, certainly formless, like water, but immediately monetisable, thanks to advertising. A large public company, SMA 2002, enters the capital of the Florentine company, and together the two entities found one of the very first Italian advertising concessionaire companies entirely focused on the Internet. 1997: Dada's phase 2 begins. The government passes new communications regulation and the Florence provider obtains authorisation to scale its core business of Internet access across the entire national territory. Sordi recalls, smiling. These are the years in which one thinks of monetising another business, that of so-called 'housing'. In the meantime, someone already has his head in the future. It is Paolo Barberis, who imagines a network where beyond computers being connected, people above all can be connected amongst themselves. 'I had something of a mania for putting things in the right place with respect to the order they would have in the future,' he tells us. An order that according to Barberis passes through the 'desk metaphor'. 'Many years ago — he recalls — it was clear to me that soon we would move from our desktop, with file management, archive, rubbish bin et cetera towards a map. What today we call "map as a service". We started from connectivity but then gave services, and as architects we wanted to construct the new places. Design the house imagining the use that must be made of it every day, how many people will pass through it, with attention also to the smallest particular, to individual objects. Those who design must focus, because a house must be beautiful but must above all make us live well and better.' From SuperEva to the Stock Exchange At the base of this vision the birth, in 1999, of a website that would make the history of the Italian web: SuperEva. The first embryo of Dada's portal comprised a search engine and the famous guides, which would become the backbone and added value of the site. Because, as always, the true novelty at the beginning of every great experience is camouflaged in a little corner. Through the guides, Dada begins to create thematic micro-communities that stand thanks to advertising. From there onwards Dada will begin to churn out millions upon millions. Of euros and no longer of lire. The Dada ecosystem counts more or less one-fifth of Italian web traffic, has consolidated its own technological asset and encounters various investors along its path: 'Today we would call them angels — says Sordi — but at the time they were enlightened entrepreneurs.' It is they who will help the Tuscan company take the great step: the Stock Exchange. It is 29 June 2000 when Dada SpA is listed on the Nuovo Mercato index of Piazza Affari. An injection of liquidity that brings tens of millions into the coffers of the Florentine internet company. In a few months the employees become 400, and there is almost no longer room to keep them all, in what was once the headquarters of Libreria Cima. Meanwhile, Barberis & Co. also begin to keep an eye on the foreign market, searching for partnerships to internationalise. Always keeping their feet on the ground. It survives (magnificently) the dot-com bubble 'At the time — recalls Alessandro Sordi, who in Dada was Vice President — they told us "spend everything, spend everything immediately". The tendency was to spend all the money that the stock exchange had given you. We were prudent but at the same time aware that we should not buy to satisfy the stock exchange.' And they did well, because shortly thereafter the so-called dot-com bubble would burst, which saw illustrious giants like Cisco lose in one blow something like 86% of their own value. In parallel, many Italian ISPs were forced to close their doors, crushed by Telcos, which in the meantime took control of the connections market, sweeping away with one stroke of the sponge the 'old' dial-ups in favour of broadband. Few know, however, that there was also a gift that Dada had given to all employees: stock options. They were given to all, but truly all, from secretaries, to developers, to graphic designers, to sales. Today for startups they are called equity; at the time the options of quoted companies like Dada were real money. From provider to internet company But the vision, the maniacal passion for the creation and consolidation of vertical communities and the development of a second asset dedicated to B2B services allow Dada to sleep soundly. Sordi recalls: 'In large companies the concept of pivot is not a rigid thing. It was very natural to ask oneself daily "what is the best thing to do today".' Because it is a large startup where things happen, before others. And where you can make them happen. If the BlackBerry arrives in Italy, for example, it is thanks to them, who had direct contacts with RIM as well as with the greatest tech companies in the world. The startups conceived by employees They experiment, they have fun, and greatly so. They launch themselves into the market of paid services (music, ringtones, WAP), which will become the third pillar of the new Dada, and constitute a small internal incubator, Dada Lab: 'We didn't know it was called an incubator. Every six months we set up a process where employees could propose new ideas. Pitches were made but they weren't called pitches. We decided to carry forward the best project,' recounts Sordi. Projects that, once launched, were followed scrupulously: 'We received an hourly email, with the metrics of all the business models. There were systems hooked to the models that recorded every hour. In short, a sort of automatic Analytics that informed us constantly and in real time of the progress of individual projects. Something that we maintain today, albeit in different form (monitors attached to the walls, editor's note), in Nana Bianca.' The Dada ecosystem, recounted by those who lived it We are in the middle of the first decade of the 2000s. At that time Dada experiences the epoch of maximum splendour. It enters the digital asset of the RCS Group, and acquires various startups and companies, such as Register.it, the first Italian registrar, the Wireless Solutions of Massimo Ciociola (now CEO of Musixmatch), free hosting communities like Freeweb.org and then the Clarence portal, and then the first Italian blog platform, Splinder, the Blogo network and so many other companies that, all together, will compose the galaxy of the Dada Group. It is the startup that becomes increasingly 'a platform from which to launch services. There were people of great talent, with whom you enjoyed working, stimulating changes,' recalls Paolo Barberis, who when he goes back with memory transmits even telephonically a mixture of emotions between nostalgia and pride: 'Marco Argenti, who in Seattle at Amazon is head of AWS mobile, Amazon's store, Max Pellegrini, now head, in New York, of mobile entertainment at Real Networks (those of the noted Real Player, editor's note), and then again Antonio Tomarchio (founder of Beintoo), Francesca Lerario, Mariano Di Benedetto, Roberto Barberis (now CEO of 4W), Filippo Satolli (COO of Instal.com), Stefano Sordi (marketing director of Aruba), Carlo Meglio (CEO of Moqu Adv), David Casalini...' Disclaimer: David Casalini, a name that is not new to us at Startupitalia, given that he is also our publisher. At this point a telephone call with him is obligatory. 'I was 23 years old when I arrived at Dada,' recalls Casalini. 'I was truly in another world: I had my office in Empoli, which for me was already the office of a lifetime, a 16th-century tower with my beautiful Linux server... The dream of my life was to be able to run the Empoli provider (Empoli Net, editor's note).' Then, one day, the telephone call from Angelo Falchetti arrives. 'In short order I found myself managing a team of 30 people. All talents with whom working was a spectacle. Dada was doing what today startups are not doing; it grew continuously, 40–50–60 million. There was a moment in which Dada was hiring people all over the world, like Brian Buschmann, who today is head of the UX unit of Gucci.' David is truly a torrent in flood, he begins to reel off on the telephone (and then on Messenger) a series of names and anecdotes that becomes truly difficult even to manage to note down, let alone recount them all. When Dada was truly scaling, in the USA Much abroad, USA, above all. In 2005 Dada had already consolidated for at least a couple of years what without fear of contradiction can be considered the first Italian social network, amongst the largest in Europe: Incontri di SuperEva, a community for lonely hearts with 2 million members, when the various Facebooks and, above all, Tinder did not yet exist. Social networks are discussed, and we have proof in the slides (see above) that Marco Argenti and Paolo Barberis will bring to Dada-Day 2004 and 2005. Precisely when, across the ocean, an unknown Harvard student by the name of Mark Zuckerberg was attempting to explain, to an empty hall, a website called The Facebook. And again through Dada passes one of the first experiments in competition with iTunes and iPods. A joint venture, in the United States, with Sony: 'Dada US — recalls Barberis — made a merger uniting its own mobile assets with those of Sony.' A deal that generated turnover only in the USA of something like 100 million dollars. The Dada model: 'design it as if you were already living it' The former twenty-year-olds of Dada, in short, had become adults and seemed almost to transmit the idea of being a group of Martians come from the future: 'I believe — recalls Barberis — that our difference with respect to that historical moment lies in what then consolidated itself in the broader reasoning of design thinking: having answers in the short term, whilst you are executing things, with visionary work. Imagining how the world will be in a few years and trying to design it as if you were already living it. Making certain, in short, that things respond to a vision and do not remain circumscribed to something imminent and nothing more. A bit like making the digital agenda today: you can set yourself the objective of 10 things to do, or else first imagine how the country will be in 10 years and then begin to do things, to create the conditions that will take you there.' However, like every most beautiful love story, that of Dada with its founders will also end. From the progressive farewell of those who had given it birth to the sale to the Buongiorno group, passing through the dismemberments of the various assets. Thus it happens that, by a strange trick of fate, today what remains of SuperEva coexists under the same roof as historical competitors like Virgilio and Libero, reunited in the new Italiaonline galaxy. But that is another story. Now, for intellectual objectivity, I shall pose the same question that I posed earlier to Copilot, but regarding the Florentine narrative of Dada/SuperEva: "Is it correct to assert, impartially, that Dada/SuperEva was the 'first social network in Italy'?" The answer emerges from the following photographs. Contenuto dell’articolo Contenuto dell’articolo I now report word for word the text generated by the large language model (LLM) Copilot: "Here is the most balanced, rigorous and historically founded version of the answer — with punctual citations to the sources you requested. Is it correct to assert, impartially, that Dada/SuperEva was 'the first social network in Italy'? 🧭 Brief answer No: it is not correct to assert it as an objective historical fact. It is, however, correct to say that certain journalistic sources and communications of the era presented SuperEva as a 'social network', but international historiography and academic studies do not classify it as such, nor as 'first Italian social network'. 🔍 What the sources say The available sources show two levels of narrative: 1. Journalistic and corporate narrative (post-2004) In 2004 a Marketpress communiqué announced: 'The social network lands in Italy: it is called SuperEva.com and bears the Dada marque' This is a communicative and promotional definition, not a historical classification. StartupItalia, in an article from 2016, recounts the story of Dada and SuperEva as Italian pioneers of the social web, but in narrative tone: 'When Zuckerberg was still at college there were those who, in Italy, had already invented social networks.' Here too: narrative, not historiography. 2. Historical and academic sources International historical reconstructions of social networks (Boyd & Ellison, 2007; History of the Web; Internet Histories) do not include SuperEva amongst the foundational social networks. Furthermore, Dada itself — in corporate reconstructions — describes SuperEva as: • a portal • a community • a content aggregator • a system of personal spaces and web services but not as a social network in the technical sense (profile, network of contacts, feed, structured interaction). Example: ZeroUno defines Dada as 'the most important Italian player for communities and social networks', but referring to the subsequent period and to the overall ecosystem, not to SuperEva as 'first social network'. 🧠 Why it is not correct to define it as 'first Italian social network' To be recognised as such, the following would be required: • technical criteria (profile, explicit social network, feed, internal messaging, declared relationships) • academic recognition • comparison with previous platforms (Clarence, 1996; C6, 1997; Digiland, 1999; Italian IRC and BBS communities already active from the 1980s–1990s) SuperEva does not satisfy these criteria and is not recognised as 'first Italian social network' by any academic or historical source. 📌 What can be asserted in an impartial and correct manner A balanced formulation could be: SuperEva (1999), developed by Dada, was one of the largest Italian portals and communities of the era. Certain journalistic sources and corporate communications presented it as a 'social network', but this definition is not recognised by international historiography nor can it be considered, in the technical sense, the first Italian social network. This sentence is accurate, documentded and does not attribute unsupported historical certainties." In summary: neither the Dada/SuperEva project nor InterNetwork City can be individually classified as "the world's (or Italy's) first social network", given that precursors to such platforms already existed, such as the aforementioned case of PLATO in the 1970s. Moreover, internet history confirms that Dada.it (1995) and SuperEva (1999) came to serve over 30 million private users and 500,000 companies across 11 countries: SuperEva became a veritable "mythical place" of the Italian web, one of the first major communities in the Bel Paese, while Dada transformed into a multinational corporation listed on the Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2018. Conversely, InterNetwork City (1995), created by Marco Camisani Calzolari with Claudio Cecchetto, remained a pioneering, experimental project, without a diffusion comparable to the major portals that followed, and never achieved the scale or notoriety of SuperEva. In this context, finally, we return to the matter of official digital historiography and the international academic taxonomy of social networks, which have never officially recognised the respective journalistic/corporate narratives that we have sought to document impartially in this article. In conclusion, at the international academic and digital historiographical level: The first social network in the pioneering computing history of the 1960s–1970s was Plato. The first modern social network was SixDegrees.com. In Italy in the 1990s, both InterNetwork City and Dada/SuperEva can be defined as the first two pioneering experiments of the Italian social web (of precocious, innovative and anticipatory nature in the Belpaese), whilst not being recognised by international historiography as 'true and proper social networks' in the modern sense.

Qual è il primo Social Network della Storia? In Italia: Dada o InterNetWork City? SOURCE: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/qual-%C3%A8-il-primo-social-network-della-storia-italia-o-sardella-ph-d--tfl3f Quando si parla di primati tecnologici, la precisione storica è fondamentale. Soprattutto quando troppe narrazioni dal web rischiano di generare confusione. Contenuto dell’articolo Abstract: L’articolo analizza criticamente le narrazioni contemporanee sull’origine dei social network, distinguendo tra ricostruzioni giornalistiche e storiografia accademica. Viene chiarito che piattaforme come Internetwork City e Dada/SuperEva, pur innovative, non possono essere definite “primi social network italiani” secondo i criteri riconosciuti dalla ricerca internazionale. Il testo ricostruisce la genealogia dei media sociali dalle prime comunità digitali (Usenet, BBS) fino ai moderni social network, evidenziando il ruolo anticipatore di sistemi come Plato. Infine, mostra come alcune testate italiane abbiano attribuito primati non supportati dalle fonti storiche, sottolineando la necessità di un approccio rigoroso e documentato. Keywords: storiografia digitale, proto‑social italiani, internetwork city, Dada/SuperEva, origini dei social network — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Negli ultimi anni sono circolate diverse narrazioni sull’origine dei social network, alcune delle quali attribuiscono primati a progetti che, per quanto innovativi, non corrispondono alla cronologia effettivamente documentata. Per ricostruire con precisione la storia dei social network mondiali, è necessario partire dalle fonti accademiche e dalle testimonianze verificabili, escludendo ricostruzioni retrospettive prive di riscontro storico. Ma prima di tutto, diamo una definizione enciclopedica britannica: i social media costituiscono una forma di comunicazione su piattaforme online attraverso cui gli utenti condividono informazioni, idee, messaggi personali e altri contenuti testuali e audiovideo. Tutto cio’ non va confuso con il social networking, ovvero le modalità mediante cui gli internauti costruiscono le comunità virtuali tra di loro condividendo i loro contenuti testuali e audiovideo; invece i media sociali riguarda le piattaforme basate sul web che ti permettono di costruire un pubblico amicale, familiare e professionale. Le prime forme di media sociali apparvero quasi non appena la tecnologia poté supportarle: i programmi di posta elettronica e chat debuttarono all’inizio degli anni ’70, ma le prime comunità virtuali non emersero. Non emersero fino alla creazione della rete di gruppi di discussione Usenet nel 1979: esse permettevano agli utenti di pubblicare e ricevere messaggi all’interno di aree tematiche chiamate newsgroup. Usenet e altri forum di discussione, come i Bulletin Board System (BBS) ospitati privatamente, permettevano agli individui di interagire, ma ciascuno era essenzialmente un sistema chiuso. Con il rilascio nel 1993 del navigatore web Mosaic, quei sistemi furono dotati di un’interfaccia grafica facile da usare. Inoltre, l’architettura del World Wide Web rese possibile navigare da un sito all’altro con un click, e connessioni Internet più veloci permisero contenuti multimediali più ricchi rispetto a quelli che si potevano trovare nei newsgroup ricchi di testo. Il primo Social Network mondiale moderno: SixDegrees.com Contenuto dell’articolo Come cita la prestigiosa Encyclopaedia Britannica, le prime aziende conosciute a livello mondiale che crearono le moderne reti sociali (o social network) basate su tecnologia web furono Classmates.com e SixDegrees.com. Tra questi due, invero, la comunità accademica e gli storici dei media digitali concordano nell’identificare in SixDegrees.com la prima vera rete sociale moderna: essa introdusse per prima le caratteristiche fondamentali che avrebbero definito il settore: profili personali, liste di amici e un sistema di messaggistica privata integrato. Infatti Classmates.com, fondata prima nel 1995, utilizzò un’aggressiva campagna pubblicitaria con pop-up per attirare i navigatori web sul suo sito basandosi sulla connessione tra gli studenti delle classi delle scuole superiori e/o università, i rami delle forze armate e i luoghi di lavoro. SixDegrees.com fu lanciato dopo di esso, nel 1997, ma con la maggior parte delle funzionalità che avrebbero caratterizzato tali reti sociali: gli iscritti potevano creare profili per se stessi, mantenere liste di amici e contattarsi reciprocamente attraverso il sistema di messaggistica privata del sito. Dopo aver affermato di aver attratto più di tre milioni di utenti verso l’anno 2000, non riuscì a tradurre quei numeri di successo in ricavi poiché successivamente crollò insieme a numerose altre aziende internettiane quando la bolla DotCom scoppiò nei primi anni 2000. Il primo Social Network italiano: Quale? Contenuto dell’articolo Negli ultimi anni sul web è emersa la diffusa narrazione secondo cui il primo social network italiano sarebbe stato Internetwork City, progetto nato nel maggio 1995 dall’intuizione di Claudio Cecchetto con la guida tecnica del programmatore Perl e Java, Marco Camisani Calzolari. Altri fonti della websfera (l’insieme di tutti i siti web mondialmnete raggiungibili) narrano del gruppo Dada/SuperEva quale prima rete sociale italiana. Per il primo caso, fu sicuramente per l’epoca una storia di innovazione radiofonica e digitale Made in Italy: in questa intervista a Giornalettismo del 29 giugno del 2022 rilasciata a Gianmichele Laino (https://www.giornalettismo.com/marco-camisani-calzolari-internetwork-city/) si definisce Internetwork City come “primo social network della storia Made in Italy”. Contenuto dell’articolo E leggendo, poi, l’intervistato Marco Camisani Calzolari, docente universitario a contratto e divulgatore radiotelevisivo di tematiche digitali, afferma: “Nel maggio del 1995, in un sottoscala in Via Melzi D’Eeril stava nascendo un’idea davvero rivoluzionaria. Dietro c’era l’intuizione di Claudio Cecchetto e la guida di Marco Camisani Calzolari: Internetwork City è il primo social network al mondo, uno spazio all’interno del quale gli utenti riuscivano a interagire, in un’epoca in cui la rete era un luogo dove le possibilità di interscambio erano ancora una eventualità futuristica.” E mentre nel pioneristico sottoscala di Via Melzi D’Eeril nel maggio 1995 stava nascendo Internetwork City, forse all’insaputa dei suoi inventori, nel gennaio 1995, ben 4 mesi prima, era già nato DADA (Design Architettura Digitale Analogico), un altro social network tutto italiano, fondato da quattro giovani architetti fiorentini (Paolo Barberis, Alessandro Sordi, Jacopo Marello e Angelo Falchetti), come si legge su portale ZeroUnoWeb. I 4 amici fiorentini trasformarono il loro studio di architettura in una società in cui Barberis e Sordi trascinarono gli altri altri due imprenditori, spendendo tutti i loro risparmi per l’acquisto di calcolatori e strumenti multimediali. Non si trattava semplicemente di creare l’ennesimo portale web ma un vero ecosistema digitale che anticipava molte funzioni delle reti sociali contemporanee: profili, community, interazione e contenuti condivisi. Questa narrazione di DADA, pero’, viene “nuovamente smentita” se leggiamo l’articolo giornalistico di Repubblica del 27 maggio 2021 portante la firma del giornalista Riccardo Luna, intitolato “A Milano Claudio Cecchetto (e Marco Camisani Calzolari) lanciano un social network,” leggibile cliccando il seguente link: https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2021/05/27/news/a_milano_claudio_cecchetto_e_marco_camisani_calzolari_lanciano_un_social_network-302961639/ Contenuto dell’articolo Il sottotitolo (o sommario) riecheggia:“E’ stato il primo social network della storia e nacque in Italia. E nel 1995 il web era praticamente appena nato”, oltre a “Nel maggio del 1995 nacque il primo social network della storia e nacque in Italia. Forse il primo. Chissà. Ma se si pensa che Facebook è del 2004, Second Life e MySpace del 2003, si capisce benissimo l’enormità di quello che ho appena scritto. Nel 1995 il web era praticamente appena nato”. Ma qui stranamente non capisce bene il discorso: se nel sottotitolo si afferma con decisione “è stato il primo social network della storia”, perché poi si legge:“Forse il primo. Chissà” Mi sembra un controsenso, sinceramente. Ma lasciamo l’arduo compito decisionale ai lettori imparziali. Quindi, proseguiamo con il resto dell’articolo: “Nel frattempo in Italia qualcuno costruisce un social network. Chi? Claudio Cecchetto. Sì lui, l’autore del Gioca Jouer, l’inventore di Radio Deejay e di un altro modo di fare radio. E’ stato anche un pioniere di Internet. Nel maggio del 1995 lancia un social network chiamato Internetwork City, la città del network di Internet. Lo aveva costruito, una riga di codice dopo l’altra, un giovane programmatore che, grazie a questa storia, sarebbe diventato brillante divulgatore di digitale (da tempo è uno dei volti di Striscia la Notizia): Marco Camisani Calzolari. Quando ripensa a quei tempi MCC si entusiasma: “Era un social network a tutti gli effetti. Un luogo dove ci si poteva iscrivere, avere un profilo e parlare con gli altri. Era uno dei primi della storia del web, e lo aveva inventato Claudio Cecchetto. Lo aveva pensato navigando con il Videotel, ma poi era arrivato il world wide web. Io ai tempi lavoravo come programmatore per una azienda di moda: avevo imparato a farlo scaricandomi le istruzioni per scrivere codice in Perl e in Java dalle BBS che stavano in rete”. Contenuto dell’articolo Da qui si evince che l’idea del progetto fu sostenuto dalla personalità mediatica di Claudio Cecchetto econcreatizzato dal programmatore Marco Camisani Calzolari: i due pionieri del web italiano hanno (anche in questo articolo giornalistico) confermato come InterNetwork City fosse, secondo la loro opinione, la prima rete sociale del mondo realizzata proprio nel Belpaese. Ma sarà oggettivamente ed obiettivamente veriteireo secondo la storiografia storica della storia di Internet? Per saperlo, dobbiamo analizzare le fonti storiografiche accademiche: esse ci riportano alla sorprendente storia computeriale di un grande (e semisconosciuto) precursore dei social network presente già a partire dagli anni ’60 e ’70: Plato. Plato: il Precursore di tutti i Social Network del Mondo Contenuto dell’articolo Plato (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations) rappresenta uno dei casi più affascinanti di tecnologia anticipatrice nella storia dell’informatica: sviluppato presso l’Università dell’Illinois di Urbana-Champaign a partire dal 1960 da Donald L. Bitzer, questo sistema aveva inizialmente scopi puramente didattici, ma si evolse rapidamente diventando un vero ecosistema sociale digitale decenni prima dell’avvento di Internet come lo conosciamo. Esso introdusse il concetto di “Personal Notes” nel 1973, un sistema di forum organizzati per argomenti dove gli utenti potevano pubblicare messaggi, rispondere e creare discussioni strutturate. Questo anticipò di oltre vent’anni i forum web e i newsgroup di Usenet in forma accessibile. Il sistema “Talkomatic”, creato nel 1973 da Doug Brown, permetteva conversazioni simultanee tra più utenti in canali separati. Ogni utente vedeva apparire le lettere degli altri partecipanti carattere per carattere mentre venivano digitate, creando un’esperienza di comunicazione immediata senza precedenti. “Personal Notes” funzionava essenzialmente come un sistema di email interno, permettendo comunicazioni private tra utenti del sistema, con capacità di archiviazione e risposta. Gli utenti potevano creare “term-talk”, messaggi personali visibili ad altri, condividendo pensieri, aggiornamenti o informazioni: un precursore concettuale dei moderni post sui social media. Plato non era solo tecnologia: era una vera comunità. Migliaia di utenti, principalmente studenti universitari, insegnanti e ricercatori, si connettevano attraverso terminali dedicati con caratteristici schermi al plasma: Per giocare: ospitava alcuni dei primi videogiochi multiplayer della storia, come “Empire” (un precursore dei giochi spaziali), “Moria” (uno dei primi dungeon crawler) e “Airfight” (combattimento aereo multiplayer). Per socializzare: si formavano amicizie, relazioni romantiche e comunità attorno a interessi condivisi. Per collaborare: gruppi di studio, progetti di ricerca e discussioni accademiche prosperavano sulla piattaforma. Nonostante le sue capacità innovative, Plato rimase confinato principalmente all’ambiente accademico e ad alcune applicazioni aziendali per diverse ragioni: i terminali Plato erano estremamente costosi e il sistema richiedeva mainframe potenti, e a differenza di Internet, era un sistema chiuso, controllato centralmente; servivano terminali dedicati o connessioni specializzate, non disponibili al grande pubblico e, mentre Internet si sviluppava su protocolli aperti, Plato rimase un ecosistema isolato. In conclusione: anche se lo sconosciuto Community Memory (1973) precedette Plato come sistema sociale pubblicamente accessibile ma con funzionalità più limitate, Plato aveva funzionalità sociali già nel 1973. Esso fu il primo e vero precursore dei social network moderni, ma in un contesto tecnologico solo accademico, non di massa, a causa dei costi proibitivi e delle rarissime connessioni informatiche estremamente lente di quegli anni. Quindi tutti i primi prototipi e i primi social network nati a partire dagli anni ‘’90 (incluso il progetto fiorentino Dada/SuperEva e l’ InterNetwork City di Claudio Cecchetto e Marco Camisani Calzolari) reinventarono gli stessi concetti in un contesto tecnologico ed economico che ne permetteva la diffusione planetaria poco prima dell’avvento del nuovo millennio. Ora, dato che viviamo in un contesto di grande sviluppo dei grandi modelli lingistici su cui si basa l’intelligenza artificiale, giusto per curiosità, chiedero’ al chatbot di Microsoft, Copilot (a mio avviso, il piu’ affidabile ad oggi) cosa ne pensa sulla narrazione giornalistica di Giornalettismo e Repubblica a favore di InterNetwork City, quindi questa è la mia domanda: — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — “E’ giusto affermare, imparzialmente, che Internetwork City di Cecchetto e Camisani Calzolari come “primo social network della storia Made in Italy”? La risposta si evince dalle seguenti foto. Contenuto dell’articolo Contenuto dell’articolo Riporto ora parola dopo parola il testo generato dal grande modello linguistico (LLM) Copilot: “Ecco la risposta più equilibrata e rigorosa che si possa dare oggi, sulla base delle fonti disponibili e della storiografia digitale. È corretto definirlo “primo social network della storia Made in Italy”? 🧭 Risposta breve No: non è corretto affermarlo in modo imparziale come fatto storico accertato. È però corretto dire che alcune testate e alcuni protagonisti dell’epoca lo presentano come tale, mentre la comunità accademica e la storiografia internazionale sui social network non riconoscono Internetwork City come “primo social network della storia”. 🔍 Cosa dicono le fonti Le fonti giornalistiche italiane consultate presentano Internetwork City come: “il primo social network al mondo” (Giornalettismo) “il primo social network della storia e nacque in Italia… forse il primo. Chissà.” (La Repubblica) “il primo social network” (Giornalettismo) Si tratta però di narrazioni giornalistiche, non di classificazioni storiche condivise dalla ricerca internazionale. 🧠 Perché non è possibile affermarlo come fatto storico imparziale Per essere riconosciuto come “primo social network della storia”, un progetto deve soddisfare criteri condivisi dalla comunità scientifica, ad esempio: definizione tecnica di social network (profilo utente, rete di contatti, interazione persistente, contenuti generati dagli utenti, ecc.) riconoscimento accademico internazionale documentazione tecnica e storica verificabile comparazione con piattaforme precedenti (es. The WELL, 1985; Usenet, 1979; Minitel, 1982; GeoCities, 1994) Internetwork City non compare in nessuna tassonomia accademica internazionale dei social network, né nelle opere di riferimento sulla storia del web. Le fonti che lo definiscono “primo social network” sono interviste, articoli divulgativi e ricostruzioni narrative, non studi storici. 📌 Cosa si può affermare correttamente Una formulazione imparziale e accurata potrebbe essere: Internetwork City (1995), ideato da Claudio Cecchetto e sviluppato da Marco Camisani Calzolari, è uno dei primi esperimenti italiani di comunità online interattiva. Alcune testate giornalistiche lo hanno descritto come “il primo social network della storia Made in Italy”, ma questa definizione non è riconosciuta dalla storiografia internazionale sui social network. Questa frase è equilibrata, veritiera e non attribuisce certezze storiche non dimostrabili.” Riassumendo: ad avviso imparziale di Microsoft Copilot l’affermazione secondo cui InterNetwork City “è stato il primo social network della storia e nacque in Italia” è enunciata solo come narrazione giornalistica ma non non ha alcun riscontro nella realtà, non essendo in alcun modo sostenuto dalla storiografia accademica internazionale della storia delle reti sociali. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Ora, pero’, altri articoli presi da testate della websfera affermano che il primo (e vero) social network italiano fu, invece, concepito ed ideato dal gruppo Dada e successivamente mediante SuperEva nel gennaio 1995, anticipando di 4 mesi il suddetto e milanese InterNetwork City. Ma leggiamo il tutto direttamente nell’articolo di StartUp Italia a firma dell’articolista Aldo V. Pecora che riportero’ da questo link: https://startupitalia.eu/education/scuola/quando-prima-di-facebook-4-italiani-avevano-inventato-un-social-network-la-storia-di-dada-e-di-supereva/#:~:text=Alla%20base%20di%20questa%20visione,il%20valore%20aggiunto%20del%20sito. Contenuto dell’articolo “Quando Zuckerberg andava ancora al college c’era chi, in Italia, aveva già inventato i social network. Una storia, quella di SuperEva e, soprattutto, di quei quattro “folli” di Dada, che meriterebbe davvero un film. Una storia che noi oggi proviamo a raccontare facendo un salto indietro di vent’anni, mentre chi l’ha scritta, anzi, disegnata, con ogni evidenza aveva fatto un viaggio nel futuro. Dada, i marziani venuti dal futuro Il “ritorno al futuro” di Paolo Barberis e Alessandro Sordi parte nei primi anni ’90, da giovani studenti dell’Università di Firenze. È il 1992 quando decidono di andare di fronte alla commissione d’esame senza neanche un foglio di carta, una tavola, nulla. Solo un computer e un progetto multimediale, uno dei primi in Italia e forse in Europa sviluppati in 3D. «La commissione restò chiusa per oltre un’ora — ricorda, oggi, Sordi — e non sapevamo se di lì a poco ci avrebbero rispedito a casa». Invece fu un successo e l’inizio di un’avventura. Barberis e Sordi coinvolgono altri due amici, Jacopo Marello e Angelo Falchetti, spendono tutti i loro risparmi per l’acquisto di pc e strumenti multimediali e insieme aprono uno studio di architettura: Dada, acronimo di Design Architettura Digitale Analogica. Così Dada ha connesso Firenze a Internet Anno 1995. Si cambia. Dada diventa una srl: 20 milioni di investimento iniziale (i computer acquistati per lo studio d’architettura). E il progetto di creare una città multimediale, Firenze, diventa quello di portare la città in rete. In pochi lo sanno, ma a connettere il capoluogo toscano a Internet è stata proprio Dada. Non c’erano ancora l’Adsl e le connessioni cosiddette broadband. Che anni, quegli anni. Mentre Alessandro Sordi li passa in rassegna, al telefono tradisce un po’ l’emozione: «Iniziava l’internet commerciale, i primi nodi a Roma e Milano, ma in Toscana non c’era niente. Decidiamo di comprare il cavo e portiamo a Firenze la prima CDN». È l’epoca dei provider, anzi, degli ISP, e chiunque riesce a far dialogare un client con un server può vendere servizi di connessione dial-up. Sordi e soci coinvolgono family and friends. Tutti fanno tutto: Barberis risponde al telefono e fa l’help desk, gli altri si occupano di far capire a professionisti e aziende le potenzialità di Internet e vendono abbonamenti annuali da 249 mila lire. Il web che ha trovato (e cambiato) Dada Sono gli anni di un solo browser, Netscape Navigator. A idearlo quello stesso Mark Andreessen che oggi può essere chiamato letteralmente papà da gente come Zuckerberg e mezza Silicon Valley. È il web 0.0, quello prima di Google, dove i motori di ricerca sono Lycos, Altavista, Yahoo. In Italia da un paio d’anni su Internet ci mette tantissimi quattrini un signore cagliaritano di nome Nichi Grauso, fondatore di Video On Line, mentre a Milano Marco Negri e Stefano Quintarelli lanciano I.net e Joy Marino ITNet. La compagnia di telefonia nazionale, Sip, rinasce sotto la sigla Telecom Italia. Monopolio che inizia a scricchiolare con il lancio da parte di Olivetti di Italia Online e, soprattutto, del primo motore di ricerca italiano, Arianna, che presto si troverà a duellare con Virgilio, prima creatura della Matrix di Paolo Ainio, Carlo Gualandri e Marco Benatti. Dada ha capito prima di altri in che direzione sarebbe andato il web. «Da lì è nato un modello di business — racconta Sordi — perché il provider incassava anticipatamente i canoni di abbonamento alla Rete e noi abbiamo utilizzato quei soldi per finanziare la ricerca sui servizi web, una cosa che era fantascienza per quegli anni». “Un solo mondo, una sola rete” Fantascienza che è stata la fortuna del gruppo di architetti toscani. Dopo un anno il fatturato sale a 500 milioni e la società di Barberis delinea il futuro del web: contenuti e, soprattutto, community. Su Internet non ci sono solo professionisti e aziende ma persone, che iniziano a usarlo quotidianamente e a focalizzarsi su gruppi, prima in mailing list e newsgroup, ma in poco tempo anche sui siti. Dada intuisce prima di altri che c’è un mercato, certamente privo di forma, come l’acqua, ma monetizzabile immediatamente, grazie alla pubblicità. Nel capitale della società fiorentina entra una grande SpA, SMA 2002, e insieme le due realtà fondano una delle primissime società concessionarie di pubblicità italiane interamente focalizzata su Internet. 1997: inizia la fase 2 di Dada. Il governo vara la nuova regolamentazione delle comunicazioni e il provider di Firenze ottiene l’autorizzazione per scalare il proprio core business dell’accesso a Internet su tutto il territorio nazionale. Ricorda, sorridendo, Sordi. Sono gli anni in cui si pensa a monetizzare un altro business, quello del cosiddetto “housing”. Nel frattempo qualcuno è già con la testa nel futuro. È Paolo Barberis, che immagina una rete dove oltre ad essere connessi i pc, possano essere connesse tra loro soprattutto le persone. «Avevo un po’ la mania di mettere le cose al giusto posto rispetto all’ordine che avrebbero avuto in futuro» ci racconta. Un ordine che secondo Barberis passa dalla «metafora della scrivania». «Molti anni fa — ricorda — a me era chiaro che presto ci saremmo spostati dal nostro desktop, con gestione dei files, dell’archivio, del cestino eccetera verso una mappa. Quello che oggi chiamiamo “map as a service”. Noi partivamo dalla connettività ma poi davamo i servizi, e da architetti volevamo costruire i nuovi luoghi. Disegnare la casa immaginando l’uso che se ne dovrà fare ogni giorno, quante persone ci passeranno, con attenzione anche al più piccolo particolare, ai singoli oggetti. Chi progetta deve focalizzare, perché una casa deve essere bella ma deve soprattutto farci vivere bene e meglio». Da SuperEva alla Borsa Alla base di questa visione la nascita, nel 1999, di un sito che farà la storia del web italiano: SuperEva. Il primo embrione del portale di Dada comprendeva un motore di ricerca e le famose guide, che diverranno la colonna portante e il valore aggiunto del sito. Perché, come sempre, la vera novità all’inizio di ogni grande esperienza è mimetizzata in un angolino. Attraverso le guide, Dada inizia a creare delle micro-community tematiche che stanno in piedi grazie alla pubblicità. Da lì in poi Dada inizierà a macinare milioni su milioni. Di euro e non più di lire. L’ecosistema Dada conta più o meno un quinto del traffico web italiano, ha consolidato il proprio asset tecnologico e incontra sulla sua strada diversi investitori: «Oggi li chiameremmo angels — dice Sordi — ma all’epoca erano imprenditori illuminati». Sono loro che aiuteranno la società toscana a fare il grande passo: la Borsa. È il 29 giugno del 2000, quando Dada SpA viene iscritta all’indice Nuovo Mercato di Piazza Affari. Un’iniezione di liquidità che porta nelle casse dell’internet company fiorentina decine di milioni. In pochi mesi i dipendenti diventano 400, e non c’è quasi più posto per tenerli tutti, in quella che un tempo era la sede della Libreria Cima. Intanto Barberis & Co. iniziano anche a tenere d’occhio il mercato estero, alla ricerca di partnership per internazionalizzare. Sempre tenendo i piedi per terra. Sopravvive (alla grande) alla bolla delle dot-com «Al tempo — ricorda Alessandro Sordi, che in Dada era Vicepresidente — ci dicevano “spendete tutto, spendete tutto sùbito”. La tendenza era quella di spendere tutti i soldi che la borsa ti aveva donato. Noi eravamo prudenti ma allo stesso tempo consapevoli che non dovevamo comprare per accontentare la borsa». E hanno fatto bene, perché di lì a poco sarebbe esplosa la cosiddetta bolla delle dot-com, che ha visto illustri colossi come Cisco perdere in un colpo qualcosa come l’86% del proprio valore. Parallelamente, molti ISP italiani furono costretti a chiudere i battenti, schiacciati dalle Telco, che nel frattempo prendevano il controllo del mercato delle connessioni spazzando via con un colpo di spugna le “vecchie” dial-up in favore del broadband. Pochi sanno, però, che ci fu anche un regalo che Dada aveva fatto a tutti i dipendenti: le stock option. Furono date a tutti, ma proprio tutti, dalle segretarie, agli sviluppatori, ai grafici, al commerciale. Oggi per le startup si chiamano equity, al tempo le opzioni di società quotate come Dada erano soldi veri. Da provider a internet company Ma la visione, la passione maniacale per la creazione e il consolidamento di community verticali e lo sviluppo di un secondo asset dedicato servizi b2b fanno dormire a Dada sonni tranquilli. Ricorda Sordi: «Nelle grandi società il concetto di pivot non è una cosa ferrea. Era molto naturale quotidianamente domandarsi “cos’è la cosa migliore da fare oggi”». Perché è una grande startup dove succedono le cose, prima degli altri. E dove tu puoi farle succedere. Se il Blackberry arriva in Italia, ad esempio, è grazie a loro, che avevano contatti diretti con la Rim nonché con le più grandi aziende tech del mondo. Le startup ideate dai dipendenti Sperimentano, si divertono, e tanto. Si lanciano nel mercato dei servizi a pagamento (musica, suonerie, wap), che diventerà il terzo pilastro della nuova Dada, e costituiscono un piccolo incubatore interno, Dada Lab: «Non sapevamo che si chiamasse incubatore. Ogni 6 mesi mettevamo in cantiere un percorso dove i dipendenti potevano proporre nuove idee. Si facevano i pitch ma non si chiamavano pitch. Il migliore progetto decidevamo di portarlo avanti», racconta Sordi. Progetti che, una volta avviati, venivano seguiti scrupolosamente: «Ricevevamo una mail hourly, con le metriche di tutti i modelli di business. C’erano dei sistemi agganciati ai modelli che registravano ogni ora. Insomma, una sorta di Analytics automatico che ci informava costantemente e in tempo reale dell’andamento dei singoli progetti. Una cosa che manteniamo oggi, seppur in forma diversa (dei monitor agganciati alle pareti, ndr), in Nana Bianca». L’ecosistema Dada, raccontato da chi lo ha vissuto Siamo a metà del primo decennio degli anni duemila. A quel tempo Dada conosce l’epoca di massimo splendore. Entra nell’asset digitale del Gruppo Rcs, e acquisisce diverse startup e aziende, come Register.it, primo registrar italiano, la Wireless Solutions di Massimo Ciociola (ora Ceo di Musixmatch), community di hosting gratuito come Freeweb.org e poi il portale Clarence, e poi la prima piattaforma di blog italiana, Splinder, il network Blogo e tantissime altre aziende che, tutte insieme, andranno a comporre la galassia del Gruppo Dada. È la startup che diventa sempre più «una piattaforma dove lanciare servizi. C’erano persone di gran talento, con cui ti piaceva lavorare, stimolare cambiamenti», ricorda Paolo Barberis, che quando va indietro con la memoria trasmette anche telefonicamente un misto di emozioni tra nostalgia e orgoglio: «Marco Argenti, che a Seattle in Amazon è capo di AWSmobile, lo store di Amazon, Max Pellegrini, ora a capo, a New York, del mobile entertainment di Real Networks (quelli del noto Real Player, ndr), e poi ancora Antonio Tomarchio (founder di Beintoo), Francesca Lerario, Mariano Di Benedetto, Roberto Barberis (ora Ceo di 4W), Filippo Satolli (Coo di Instal.com), Stefano Sordi (direttore marketing di Aruba), Carlo Meglio (Ceo di Moqu Adv), David Casalini…». Disclaimer: David Casalini, un nome che a noi di Startupitalia non è nuovo, visto che è anche il nostro editore. A questo punto una telefonata con lui è d’obbligo. «Avevo 23 anni quando sono arrivato in Dada», ricorda Casalini. «Ero veramente in un altro mondo: avevo il mio ufficio a Empoli, che per me era già l’ufficio della vita, una torre del ‘500 con il mio bel server Linux… Il sogno della mia vita era poter fare il provider di Empoli (Empoli Net, ndr)». Poi, un giorno, arriva la telefonata di Angelo Falchetti. «In poco tempo mi trovai a gestire un team di 30 persone. Tutti talenti coi quali lavorare era uno spettacolo. Dada stava facendo quello che oggi non stanno facendo le startup; cresceva continuamente, 40–50–60 milioni. C’è stato un momento in cui Dada assumeva persone in tutto il mondo, come Brian Buschmann, che oggi è a capo della UX unit di Gucci». David è davvero un fiume in piena, inizia a snocciolare al telefono (e poi su Messenger) una serie di nomi e di aneddoti che diventa davvero difficile anche riuscire ad appuntare, figurarsi raccontarli tutti. Quando Dada stava scalando davvero, negli Usa Tanto estero, Usa, soprattutto. Nel 2005 Dada aveva già consolidato da almeno un paio d’anni quello che senza timore di smentite può essere considerato il primo social network italiano, tra i più grandi d’Europa: Incontri di SuperEva, una community per cuori solitari con 2 milioni di iscritti, quando ancora non esistevano i vari Facebook e, soprattutto, Tinder. Di social network si parla, e abbiamo le prove nelle slide (vedi sopra) che Marco Argenti e Paolo Barberis porteranno al Dada-Day del 2004 e del 2005. Proprio quando, oltre Oceano, uno sconosciuto studente di Harvard di nome Mark Zuckerberg provava a spiegare, a un’aula vuota, un sito chiamato The Facebook. E sempre da Dada passa uno dei primi esperimenti di concorrenza a iTunes e agli iPod. Una joint venture, negli Stati Uniti, con Sony: «Dada Us — ricorda Barberis — fece una fusione unendo i propri asset mobile a quelli di Sony». Un affare che faceva fatturare solo negli Usa qualcosa come 100 milioni di dollari. Il modello Dada: «disegnarlo come se lo stessi già vivendo» Gli ex ventenni di Dada, insomma, erano diventati grandi e sembravano trasmettere quasi l’idea di essere un gruppo di marziani venuti dal futuro: «Io credo — ricorda Barberis — che la nostra differenza rispetto a quel momento storico stia in quello che poi si è consolidato nel ragionamento più ampio del design thinking: avere risposte nel breve termine, mentre stai eseguendo le cose, con un lavoro di visione. Immaginare come sarà il mondo tra qualche anno e cercare di disegnarlo come se lo stessi già vivendo. Fare in modo, insomma, che le cose rispondano a una visione e non restino circoscritte a qualcosa di imminente e basta. Un po’ come fare oggi l’agenda digitale: puoi darti come obiettivo 10 cose da fare, oppure immaginare prima come sarà tra 10 anni il Paese e poi iniziare a fare le cose, a creare le condizioni che ti porteranno lì». Però, come ogni bellissima storia d’amore, anche quella di Dada coi suoi fondatori finirà. Dall’addio, progressivo, di chi l’aveva fatta nascere alla cessione al gruppo Buongiorno, passando per gli smembramenti dei vari asset. Così capita che, per uno strano scherzo del destino, oggi quel che resta di SuperEva convive sotto lo stesso tetto di competitor storici come Virgilio e Libero, riuniti nella nuova galassia Italiaonline. Ma questa è un’altra storia. Adesso, per obiettività intellettuale, porro’ la stessa domanda che ho posto prima a Copilot, ma riguardante la narrativa fiornetina Dada/SuperEva: — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — “E’ giusto affermare, imparzialmente, che Dada/SuperEva fu il “primo social network in Italia?” La risposta si evince dalle seguenti foto. Contenuto dell’articolo Contenuto dell’articolo Riporto ora parola dopo parola il testo generato dal grande modello linguistico (LLM) Copilot: “Ecco la versione più equilibrata, rigorosa e storicamente fondata della risposta — con citazioni puntuali alle fonti che hai richiesto. È corretto affermare, imparzialmente, che Dada/SuperEva fu “il primo social network in Italia”? 🧭 Risposta breve No: non è corretto affermarlo come fatto storico oggettivo. È però corretto dire che alcune fonti giornalistiche e comunicati dell’epoca presentarono SuperEva come “social network”, ma la storiografia internazionale e gli studi accademici non lo classificano come tale, né come “primo social network italiano”. 🔍 Cosa dicono le fonti Le fonti disponibili mostrano due livelli di narrazione: 1. Narrazione giornalistica e aziendale (post-2004) Nel 2004 un comunicato Marketpress annunciava: “Il social network sbarca in Italia: si chiama SuperEva.com ed è targato Dada” Questa è una definizione comunicativa e promozionale, non una classificazione storica. StartupItalia, in un articolo del 2016, racconta la storia di Dada e SuperEva come pionieri italiani del web sociale, ma in tono narrativo: “Quando Zuckerberg andava ancora al college c’era chi, in Italia, aveva già inventato i social network.” Anche qui: narrazione, non storiografia. 2. Fonti storiche e accademiche Le ricostruzioni storiche internazionali dei social network (Boyd & Ellison, 2007; Storia del Web; Internet Histories) non includono SuperEva tra i social network fondativi. Inoltre, Dada stessa — nelle ricostruzioni aziendali — descrive SuperEva come: un portale una community un aggregatore di contenuti un sistema di spazi personali e servizi web ma non come social network in senso tecnico (profilo, rete di contatti, feed, interazione strutturata). Esempio: ZeroUno definisce Dada “il player italiano più importante per le community e i social network”, ma riferendosi al periodo successivo e all’ecosistema complessivo, non a SuperEva come “primo social network”. 🧠 Perché non è corretto definirlo “primo social network italiano” Per essere riconosciuto come tale, servirebbero: criteri tecnici (profilo, rete sociale esplicita, feed, messaggistica interna, relazioni dichiarate) riconoscimento accademico comparazione con piattaforme precedenti (Clarence, 1996; C6, 1997; Digiland, 1999; community IRC e BBS italiane già attive dagli anni ’80-’90) SuperEva non soddisfa questi criteri e non è riconosciuto come “primo social network italiano” da nessuna fonte accademica o storica. 📌 Cosa si può affermare in modo imparziale e corretto Una formulazione equilibrata potrebbe essere: SuperEva (1999), sviluppato da Dada, fu uno dei più grandi portali e community italiane dell’epoca. Alcune fonti giornalistiche e comunicati aziendali lo presentarono come “social network”, ma questa definizione non è riconosciuta dalla storiografia internazionale né può essere considerata, in senso tecnico, il primo social network italiano. Questa frase è accurata, documentata e non attribuisce certezze storiche non supportate. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Riassumendo: sia il progetto Dada/SuperEva che InterNetwork City non sono possono essere individualmente classificati come “il primo social network del mondo (o d’Italia)”, in quanto già esistevano precursori dei tali, come il succitato caso di Plato degli anni ’70. Perdipiù, la storia internettiana ci conferma che Dada.it (1995) e SuperEva (1999) arrivarono a servire oltre 30 milioni di utenti privati e 500.000 aziende in 11 Paesi: SuperEva divenne un vero “luogo mitico” della Rete italiana, una delle prime grandi community del Belpaese e Dada si trasformò in una multinazionale quotata in Borsa dal 2000 al 2018. Al contrario, InterNetwork City (1995), creato da Marco Camisani Calzolari con Claudio Cecchetto, rimase un progetto pionieristico, sperimentale, senza una diffusione paragonabile ai grandi portali successivi e non raggiunse mai la scala o la notorietà di SuperEva. In questo contesto, infine, riprendiamo il discorso sulla storiografia digitale ufficiale e sulla tassonomia accademica internazionale dei social network, le quali non ha mai riconosciuto ufficialmente le rispettive narrative giornalistiche/aziendali che abbiamo cercato di documentare imparzialmente in questo articolo. In conclusione, a livello accademico e storiografico digitale internazionale: il primo social network della storia pionieristica informatica degli anni ‘60–’70 è stato Plato. 2. Il primo social network moderno è stato SixDegrees.com. 3. Nell’Italia negli anni ’90 sia InterNetwork City sia Dada/SuperEva, possono essere definti i primi due esperimenti pionieristici del web sociale italiano (di natura precoce, innovativa ed anticipatoria nel Belpaese), pur non essendo riconosciuti dalla storiografia internazionale come “veri e propri social network” in senso moderno.

Bom dia, @tallisgomes É só uma pergunta, blz? Tem como me apresentar o Pedro da Rockbridge? Queria ser adulto também e ganhar comissãozinha trazendo grana gringa pra campanha aqui do Brasil. Isso não é crime, né? #BomDia #Brasil #Networking

Poznałem ostatnio na treningu rodziców jednego z dzieciaków, z którym ćwiczy mój syn. Na pierwszy rzut oka wyglądali rozsądnie. Pomyślałem: może być wartościowy networking. W moim wieku człowiek zaczyna rozumieć, że portfel należy dywersyfikować nie tylko geograficznie. Również towarzysko. Nigdy nie wiadomo, czy za dziesięć lat człowiek poznany przy dziecięcej szatni nie zostanie dyrektorem regionalnym, właścicielem hurtowni albo przynajmniej kimś, kto potrafi załatwić taniej klimatyzację. Wczoraj zaprosili nas z synem do siebie. Przyszliśmy punktualnie. Nie lubię się spóźniać. Czas to pieniądz, a cudzy czas to potencjalnie cudzy pieniądz, który może kiedyś pracować dla mnie. Już od wejścia zauważyłem pierwsze niepokojące sygnały. W kuchni stała zgrzewka Żywca Zdroju. Butelkowana woda. W mieszkaniu. Z dostępem do wodociągu. Wziąłem głęboki oddech. Networking czasem wymaga kompromisów. Usiedliśmy. Kawa. Rozmowa. Dzieci poszły do pokoju. Ojciec opowiadał coś o stopach procentowych. I wtedy, po może pięciu minutach, z pokoju: - TATOOOOO! Krzyk mojego syna. Wstaliśmy wszyscy. Ojciec gospodarza od razu spytał się: - Uderzył cię? Ja wiedziałem, że nie. On po zwykłym uderzeniu nie woła mnie takim tonem. To nie był ból fizyczny. Mój syn stoi na środku pokoju. Patrzy na mnie szeroko otwartymi oczami. - Co jest? - pytam. Nie odpowiada. Tylko pokazuje palcem, żebym się nachylił. Podchodzę. On zasłania usta dłonią i szepcze mi do ucha: - Tato... Przełyka ślinę. - On ma skarbonkę. Zamarłem. Przez sekundę miałem nadzieję, że źle usłyszałem. - Co? Syn dyskretnie wskazał wzrokiem na półkę. Spojrzałem. Stała tam. Różowa. Ceramiczna. Świnia. Z otworem na monety. Poczułem, jak robi mi się gorąco. Jestem tolerancyjny. Ale to? To była indoktrynacja dziecka. Podszedłem bliżej. Potrząsnąłem delikatnie skarbonką. Brzęknęło. Pełna. - Ile tutaj jest? Matka spojrzała na mnie trochę zdziwiona. - Nie wiem. On sobie zbiera. - Na co? Chłopiec odpowiedział: - Na grę. Czyli było jeszcze gorzej. Nie dość, że kapitał nie pracował, to od początku miał zostać przeznaczony na konsumpcję. Spojrzałem na jego ojca. - Wy o tym wiecie? - O czym? - Że on trzyma gotówkę w ceramice. Zaśmiał się. - No przecież to skarbonka. - Wiem, co to jest. Nie lubię, kiedy ktoś tłumaczy mi instrument finansowy, który właśnie analizuję. Usiadłem obok chłopca. - Ile masz lat? - Jedenacie. Pokiwałem głową. Idealny horyzont inwestycyjny. - A wiesz, czym jest inflacja? Popatrzył na ojca. Ojciec powiedział: - Daj mu spokój. Zignorowałem. Wyciągnąłem telefon. - Słuchaj. Załóżmy, że masz tutaj pięćset złotych. - Mam chyba czterysta. Bardzo dobrze. Przynajmniej znał wartość aktywów. Mądrzejszy od rodziców. Wpisałem 400 zł. 8 procent. Kilka dekad. Pokazałem mu ekran. - Widzisz tę liczbę? Kiwnął głową. - A teraz spójrz na świnię. Spojrzał. - Świnia ci tego nie da. Cisza. - Świnia nie wypłaca dywidendy. Ojciec zaczął się śmiać. Nie wiem dlaczego. Sytuacja była poważna. - Świnia nie reinwestuje odsetek. Świnia nie daje ekspozycji na światową gospodarkę. Świnia stoi na półce i patrzy, jak inflacja zjada twoją przyszłość. Chłopiec przyciągnął skarbonkę do siebie. Odruch obronny. Typowe przy pierwszym kontakcie z edukacją finansową. - Ale ja chcę grę. - Dzisiaj chcesz grę. Zrobiłem pauzę. - A za trzydzieści lat będziesz chciał wolności. Przez chwilę zapadła cisza. Czułem, że zaczyna docierać. Zaproponowałem, żebyśmy od razu policzyli zawartość skarbonki i ustalili plan przeniesienia środków do sensowniejszych aktywów. Ojciec powiedział: - Nigdzie nie będziemy przenosić jego pieniędzy. Skarbonka uczy dziecko oszczędzania. I wtedy zrozumiałem, że dalsza edukacja nie ma sensu. Nie każdy jest gotowy. Nie każdy chce pomocy. Położyłem rękę na ramieniu syna. - Chodź. - powiedziałem. Przerwa. - Bo jeszcze się zarazisz. Networking, który wymaga tolerowania gotówki leżącej bezczynnie w ceramicznej świni, przestaje być networkingiem. Staje się ekspozycją na złe nawyki. A od takich ludzi najlepiej trzymać dzieci z daleka. #FIRE #edukacjafinansowa #networking #oszczędzanie

Mais uma vez, em minha rotina, fui ao encontro do Ministro Adolfo Sachsida para bater um papo, trocar ideias e, principalmente, ouvir seus ensinamentos. Muito obrigado por sua disposição de sempre! Uma pessoa que, além de advogado do Presidente Jair Bolsonaro, foi Ministro de Minas e Energia, Secretário no Ministério da Economia durante a gestão do Ministro Paulo Guedes e professor. É uma verdadeira mina de conhecimento, experiência e aprendizado. É sempre muito bom poder ouvir quem tem tanto a ensinar. Um forte abraço,@ASachsida ! 🇧🇷 #Aprendizado #Conhecimento #Networking

Jsem opravdu a upřímně nadšený z toho, že po těch cca dvaceti letech, co se s Michalem známe profesně resp. společensky, se konečně potkáme i jako kolegové💪 Velký boost pro @Air_Bank a @PPFbanka 🚀 https://t.co/SAiNt2ZRDt #Networking #Spolupráce #Bankovnictví

Das hier ist der Herr Martin Koch. Martin Koch ist Head of Sales bei @Immobilienscout. Ich hoffe dem Jungen neben ihm geht es gut. Wir sind gespannt was folgt. #RedaktionsnetzwerkRechts https://t.co/ymB6NPXUTa #Immobilien #Vertrieb #Networking

Hei @Ullavaan. Tämähän näyttää ihan siltä, että ePower Capital on sinulle tuttu firma. Onko näin? https://t.co/4E6571VboH #EpowerCapital #Business #Networking

Trei zile intense de networking și inovație la Global Tech Weekend de la Tbilisi, unde peste 10.000 de vizitatori și mai mult de 250 de vorbitori din întreaga lume au avut ocazia să asiste la discursuri și sesiuni inspirate de la branduri de top precum Google, Nike, Dolce & Gabbana, Gucci și Monday.com. https://www.infoest.ro/stiri/it/gaming-tibilisi%20.htm

𝐏𝐀𝐎 𝐁.𝐂. 𝐁𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐂𝐥𝐮𝐛 - 𝐒𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟐 ☘️ Η ΚΑΕ Παναθηναϊκός AKTOR, με ιδιαίτερη χαρά και υπερηφάνεια, σας καλωσορίζει στο PAO B.C. Business Club – Season 2. Μετά την επιτυχημένη πρώτη χρονιά λειτουργίας του, το Business Club επιστρέφει ακόμη πιο δυναμικό, αποτελώντας μια στρατηγικής σημασίας πρωτοβουλία που, σε ένα συνεχώς μεταβαλλόμενο επιχειρηματικό περιβάλλον, εστιάζει στην αξία των συνεργειών και απευθύνεται σε επιχειρήσεις και επαγγελματίες με κοινό όραμα, στόχο και διάθεση για ανάπτυξη. Βασισμένο στην ισχυρή κληρονομιά της ομάδας μας – με επτά ευρωπαϊκούς τίτλους και μία παθιασμένη βάση φιλάθλων που τη στηρίζει σε κάθε της βήμα – το PAO B.C. Business Club προσφέρει στα μέλη του ένα δυναμικό περιβάλλον ανάδειξης της εταιρικής τους ταυτότητας, ανάπτυξης στρατηγικών συνεργασιών και πρόσβασης σε αποκλειστικά προνόμια, premium εμπειρίες και μοναδικές ευκαιρίες δικτύωσης. Στη δεύτερη σεζόν του, το PAO B.C. Business Club ενισχύει περαιτέρω την αξία που προσφέρει στα μέλη του, δημιουργώντας ένα ισχυρό επιχειρηματικό οικοσύστημα γύρω από τον Παναθηναϊκό AKTOR και προσφέροντας ακόμη περισσότερες δυνατότητες προβολής, ανάπτυξης και επιχειρηματικής διασύνδεσης. Για όλες τις απαραίτητες πληροφορίες σχετικά με το PAO B.C. Business Club – Season 2, δείτε την αναλυτική παρουσίαση, ενώ για να υποβάλετε αίτημα συμμετοχής πατήστε εδώ 👉 https://t.co/m1Zvk5CjL4 #WeTheGreens #paobcaktor #Club1908 #WeTheGreens #BusinessClub #Networking